CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

CHEMISTRY 

Chemistry:

"Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the study of the properties and behavior of matter. It includes the composition, structure, and properties of substances, the physical and chemical changes that substances undergo and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes."

chemistry is essential for ...

understanding the physical and chemical properties of materials.

the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.

Chemistry is also important for developing new materials, medicines, and energy sources etc.,

Chemistry is used to develop new energy sources, such as solar cells and batteries. It is also used to improve the efficiency of existing energy sources, such as gasoline engines.

Ex:Lithium-ion batteries,Solar cells,Hydrogen fuel etc,

Environmental science: Chemistry is used to study the environment and to develop solutions to environmental problems, such as pollution and climate change.

Ex:Biosensors(to detect pollutants),Catalysts(to convert pollutants into less harmful),etc

MATTER-IT'S CLASSIFICATION:

Our universe is madeup of Energy and matter.

Energy:

The force which is used to do a work is called as energy

Energy exists in many different forms.

It cannot be created and destroyed.

It changes from one form to another.

Ex:Kinetic energy,Potential energy ,Thermal energy,Chemical energy etc,

MATTER:

Matter is anything in the universe which is having mass and occupying some space.

It is made up of tiny particles called molecules and atoms .

examples of matter: Air,Water,Ice,Wood,Metal,Plastic,Food,Your body,salt,sugar,oil,air,book,pen etc..

Molecules are the combined form of two or more atoms bonded together.

Ex:CO2,H2O,N2,Cl2,NaCl,

Hydrogen molecule H2

Water molecule H2O

Nitrogen molecule N2 etc.

Atoms are the smallest particles (building blocks) of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller parts.

Ex:H-atom,O-atom,N-atom,etc.

matter is always having 2 types of properties.they are...

Physical properties:

External properties they are:

State,taste,colour,size,shape,smell,etc

Chemical properties:

Internal properties they are:

Chemical composition,

Reactivity,Acidity,Oxidation state,Toxicity,Flammability, etc

I.PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Based on physical properties matter can be classified physically into 3 types:

1)Solids 

2)Liquids

3)Gases 

Inter Conversion of matter:-

Matter cannot be created and cannot be destroyed.

Matter can be changed from one state to another.

By changing the conditions of temperature & pressure matter can undergo a change in its state.

Melting:- (Fusion) 

The process of changing of solid into liquid on increasing the temperature.

Eg: Melting of Ice,

 Melting of Wax,

 Melting of Ghee,

 Melting of dalda etc. (in summer season or on heating)

Freezing:

The process of changing liquid into solid on decreasing temperature.  

Eg: freezing of Ice, (Freezing of Ghee)

Freezing of wax (freezing of dalda) ( in winter season)

Boiling: 

The process of changing liquid state into vapour at a given temperature.

Ex: boiling of water

Boiling of Oils

Boiling of ethanol/methanol etc

Condensation:

The process of changing vapours/gas into liquid on decreasing the temperature.

Ex: water drops observed around the cool water bottle,

(in winter season) daw drops observed on the leaves of plants.

Sublimation:

The process of changing solid into vapours (gas) on increasing the temperature.

Ex:     Heating of salts (NaCl, NH4Cl, etc)

          Heating of camphor,

          Sublimation of dry ice, etc

Solidification or deposition or desublimation :

The process of changing vapours or gas into solid on decreasing the temperature.

Ex: formation of dry ice,

     Conversion of Salt vapours into powder on cooling,

    frozen water in winter season etc.

II. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Based on the chemical property (composition) mattes can be classified into 2 types

1). Pure substances

2). Impure substances (mixtures)

 1)Pure substances:

These are having same kind(similer or identical) of particles in it.

all the particles show similer properties.

Pure substances are classified into 2 types

Elements B) Compounds

Elements:-

The simple form of pure substances which cannot be divided further by chemical reactions or physical methods”

Ex:- H, O, N, S, P, Ca, Zn, etc

Elements can be symbolized by English alphabets

The symbol may have single or two letters in it.

If the symbol has only one letter, then it should be mentioned with a capital case letter.

Ex:- Hydrogen H

 Nitrogen N

 Sulphur S

 Potassium K

If the symbol has 2 letters in it, then the first letter should be mentioned in capital case & the 2nd letter should be in small case letter.

Ex: Calcium Ca

 Helium He

 Neon Ne

 Iron Fe etc

Every element symbol having 3 parts in it.

Atomic number (z)

Atomic mass (or) Mass number(A) 

Symbol of an Elements 

Atomic number (z)

     It is a specific number equals to its number of protons 

 It can’t be changed

Z= no. of protons = no. of electrons ( if the species is neutral)

Mass number (A):-

It is concentrated in the nucleus of atom of an element

It is equals to its number of nucleons 

It is the weight of an element that should be compared with 

1/12th part of C¹² isotopic mass

Units = amu (or) U =1.67x 10^-27 kg.

LIST OF ELEMENTS:

Sub-Atomic particles(Fundamental particules):

The shape of an atom is “spherical”

It is having 3 type of sub atomic particles

Electron:

It was discovered by J.J Thomson

It was denoted by “ e¯ ” symbol 

It is having 1 unit of negative charge on it.

Proton: 

It was discovered by “Gold Stien”

It was denoted by “P” (or) “P^+” (or) “H^+”

It is having 1 unit of positive charge on it.

Neutron:

It was discovered by “James Chadwick”

It was denoted by “n” (or) ‘n⁰'

It is having no charge on it (neutral).

In this spherical shaped atom nucleus is present as the middle of atom

Neutrons & protons are present in the nucleons so they are called as “nucleons” 

Electrons are revolving around the nucleus. In specific circular paths called as shells on orbits.

Number of Electrons in an atom = atomic number (z).

Number of protons in an atom = atomic number (z).

Number of neutrons in an atom = A-Z.

The elements can be classified into 3 types based on their properties.

compound:

A Compound is a substance that composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in their fixed weight ratios. The elements cannot be separated by physical methods, such as distillation or filtration.

compounds are two types.

1)Organic compounds:

The compounds which are extracted from living organisms(like animals and plants)

examples:proteins,lipids,carbohydrates,nucleic acids,vitamines etc,

2)Inorganic compounds:

The compounds which are extracted from Non-living organisms(like from earth crust,oceans)

examples:Calcium carbonate,salts,etc,

Weight ratio:

the ratio of the weights of the elements in the compound. It is usually expressed in the simplest whole-number ratio. 

Atomic ratio:

It is the ratio of different atoms in it.

IMPURE SUBSTANCE:

The substance which is having different kind of particles in it.

These are also called as Mixtures.

This can be formed by mixing of 2 or more components.

The components cannot be chemically combined.

These are classified into 2 types

1)Homogenous mixtures:

The mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. This means that the components of the mixture are distributed evenly and cannot be distinguished from each other. Homogeneous mixtures can be in any state of matter, including solid, liquid, or gas.

examples:

Solutions: salt water, sugar water, and air etc. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.( In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent)

Alloys: Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals.

brass, bronze, and steel etc

2)Heterogenous mixtures:

The mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. This means that the components of the mixture can be distinguished from each other visually. Heterogeneous mixtures can be in any state of matter, including solid, liquid, or gas.

Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated by using a variety of techniques like Filtration,Decantation,Centrifugation,Sedimentation etc,

examples:Oil and water,sand in water,Iron finnings in sand,salt and sugar,salad,milk etc,

Types of molecule:

Based on type of atoms,the molecules are divided into 2 types

1)Homo molecule:

The molecule which is made up of identical atoms in it.

It is also called as elementary molecule or molecule of an element.

examples:H2,O2,O3,N2,Cl2,F2,I2 etc,

1)Hetero molecule:

The molecule which is made up of differnt kind of atoms in it.

It is also called as compoundary molecule or molecule of a comound.

examples: water (H2O) ,carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) etc,

ATOMICITY:

It is a number that indicates the total number of atoms in a molecule of a compound.

examples:

Monoatomic molecules: These molecules consist of a single atom. Examples of monoatomic molecules include helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), and krypton (Kr).

Diatomic molecules: These molecules consist of two atoms. Examples of diatomic molecules include hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and chlorine (Cl2).

Triatomic molecules: These molecules consist of three atoms. Examples of triatomic molecules include water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ozone (O3). 

Polyatomic molecules: These molecules consist of four or more atoms. Examples:methane (CH4),sulfuric acid(H2SO4), glucose (C6H12O6),etc